How To Calculate Moment Distributions

Calculating moment distributions from distribution factors and rotational stiffness.

When a load is applied to any continuous structure it is important to understand how the moments are distributed throughout the members and joints. You achieve this by using the Moment Distribution method.


A stiffness factor relates the stiffness and length of the member. Stiffness is represented by EI (E- Young's Modulus, I - Second moment of area) and length by L. The formula is EI / L.
If a member has fixed ends at both of its extremities then its stiffness = 4EI / L
If the member has one fixed end and another pinned then the equation becomes = 3EI / L

You take stiffness factors and distribution factors (DF) about a joint that connects 2 or more members. In order to find the distribution factors of the member about that joint you need to first sum up the stiffness factors at that joint e.g.
•    If you have two members connected at a joint, one with 2 fixed ends and one with a fixed/pinned combination then the first stage is : 4EI / L + 3EI / L = 7EI / L
The next step is to calculate the distribution factor for each member. To do this you divide the member stiffness factor by the total stiffness at the joint e.g.
•    For the fixed/pinned combination member the distribution factor would be calculated by : (3EI / L) / (7EI / L) = 0.43

This value 0.43 means that for any moment exerted at the joint this member will take 43% of it. There is a simple way check your calculation. Distribution factors around a joint have to be equal to 1. Therefore, to check our 0.43 we need to calculate the DF of the doubly fixed end member.
•    2x fixed end member : (4EI / L) / (7EI / L) = 0.57
•    0.57+0.43=1
Therefore, calculation is correct.

From this point onwards you will be able to identify how a load/moment is distributed amongst its members. This allows you to design the structure in greater detail and with higher accuracy.
The best way to find the moments exerted on each member is to calculate the fixed end moments (FEM) and balance out each joint as you proceed.
•    FEM for 2x fixed end member = Point Load : WL/8
•    UDL : WL/12
•    Fixed/Pinned combination member = WL/8
Once the end moments have been found you can set up a table representing each joint and its corresponding moments. It is important to remember that the moments around a joint must =0 otherwise the structure will not be in equilibrium. e.g
•    If the net moment around a joint is -100kN. Then an additional +100kN is required to maintain equilibrium in the structure. This is added to the joint and distributed to each member using their distribution factors i.e. 43% and 57%.
Carry-over moments are crucial to maintain equilibrium. If a member has fixed ends at both of its ends then you need to use the carry-over method. e.g.
•    Member A has two fixed ends. It has a moment of 10kN exerted on its right hand end. Under the carry over method 5kN is transferred to its left hand end to maintain equilibrium.
By combining stiffness factors, distribution factors, fixed end moments and the carry over moment method you can identify what magnitude of moment will be exerted on any particular member in a structure.

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Subway Tunnels

Subway Tunnels



Today, the New York City subway system is in the middle of a massive renovation. One of the planned additions is a new tunnel stretching all the way from Long Island to Manhattan. A tunnel-boring machine (TBM) will do much of the digging.

A TBM is a machine so large that it usually has to be transported in pieces. It uses discs and scrapers to crush and remove rock and debris, creating a tunnel. A conveyor removes this debris from the tunnel so crews can dispose of it. Although it moves slowly, a TBM can dig through both hard bedrock and softer soil, and it supports the tunnel as it digs.

But machines like this didn't exist during the construction of the world's first subways. Building crews had to excavate the subway lines in cities like London and Paris by hand. This was slow, difficult, dangerous work. For example, digging the New York City subway tunnels required close to 8,000 laborers. Thousands sustained injuries during construction, and more than 60 died. Improved construction methods haven't completely prevented subway construction accidents. In January 2007, a collapse at a subway construction site in Sao Paulo, Brazil buried a minibus and several dump trucks and created a 260-foot-wide crater.

Through the years, crews have used a variety of methods to excavate the subway tunnels. Some have blasted rock with dynamite, and others have used movable shields to protect diggers while excavating hollow tubes under streets and buildings. In the 1950s, some crews started using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), a collection of techniques for determining how and where to dig. You can learn more about other modern tunneling methods in How Tunnels Work.
In a cut-and-cover excavation, crews dig a trench and cover it with a temporary or permanent road surface.

One of the most commonly-used methods of early subway construction was the cut-and-cover method. This method required workers to do exactly what the name suggests -- cut a deep trench and cover it up. In order to make a stable covering over the excavation site, workers drove piles on either side of the trench. Then, they placed trusses and beams across the trench, using the piles for support. A temporary or permanent roadway could rest on this surface. The beams and trusses could also hold hanging supports for the pipes and conduits unearthed during the tunneling process. With this method, crews could usually create a tunnel that was deep enough for a train to travel through but shallow enough to avoid hitting nearly impenetrable bedrock.

This method was safer and more practical than digging horizontally underground. However, crews generally used city streets as guidelines for where to dig, which caused the complete, but temporary, destruction of existing roads. Planners were willing to accept this inconvenience because using the roads as a guide made tunneling easier. First, it allowed planners to make sure that the subway went where people needed it to go. Second, it reduced the likelihood of encountering building foundations or otherwise damaging existing structures.

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Responsibilities and Missions of Civil Engineering Works

Civil Engineering
The civil engineering field is a wide assortment of engineering responsibilities that deal with the infrastructure of a planned community and the surrounding areas that will be affected by land mass utilization. The three construction phases that are followed in every civil engineering contract are project planning, construction and structural maintenance.

 During the project planning phase, several groups in the civil engineering field will consider the land areas that are available on which large structures can be placed. They will determine how these structures will be arranged on these properties following a project map of their own design. The only requirement to qualify for civil engineering services is that these structures must be constructed on a large scale, rather than simple residential communities, which are not under their area of responsibility.

 As a primary responsibility that is undertaken during the planning phase, civil engineering groups will also be responsible for creating maintenance plans for the aftercare of the structures that will be built. All buildings that are placed on large land masses must undergo this maintenance determination process.

 During the planning phase, civil engineering groups will also determine the environmental impact that these buildings will have on the surrounding cities and natural resources. During this time, civil engineering groups will create detailed maps that will outline the routes for all utilities that will be connected to these structures. All negative feedback that is received covering environmental impact studies will be corrected and rerouted at this time.

 During the project planning phase, civil engineering groups will consider and define all options to effectively route external transportation frameworks such as railway systems, interstate highways, bridges, and further design internal transportation areas such as street design, public transportation, and traffic light placement. The planning phase will include the placement of all facilities that will be needed to make the planned construction a fully functioning engineered model such as fire and police stations, and hospitals.

 During the construction process, civil engineering groups will concentrate their efforts on building these structures that will generate the power needed to bring these built buildings to life. They will also develop maintenance plans for these power stations. The realm of responsibility of civil engineers extends underground to the sub-structure levels that will accommodate electrical lines, water lines, gas lines, telephone cabling, flood control systems, and security systems.

 The mission of the civil engineering work ethic is focused on how their structural creations react with nature based on their finesse with interpretive experimentation with equations that are the base of their designs. This field was conceived with the intention of being primarily for use by the military and the public. It later became necessary to redefine the meaning of the specialty to differentiate it from military engineering. There are still some affiliations with the military to this date through the United States Army engineering section that is defined as the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. All contracted work is accomplished through an umbrella grouping of civil engineering sub-specialties that are trained and responsible for completing all phases of the construction process.

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How Bridges Work

 

We are a species of bridge builders. Since time out of mind, humans have engineered structures to surmount obstacles, such as, say, Jiaozhou Bay. The body of water is now home to a 26.4-mile (42.5-kilometer) bridge that links the busy Chinese port city of Quingdao to the Chinese suburb of Huangdou.

We've tamed steel, stone, lumber and even living vegetation, all in an effort to reach the places, people and things we desire.

Although the concept itself is as simple as felling a tree across a creek, bridge design and construction entails serious ingenuity. Artists, architects and engineers pour vast resources into bridge construction and, in doing so, reshape the very environment in which we live.

As a result, we inhabit a planet of bridges, some as ancient as Greece's 3,000-year-old Arkadiko bridge or as unchanged as India's 500-year-old Meghalaya living bridges, which are coaxed into existence from growing tree roots (more on that later). Countless others have fallen into the ravines and rivers they span, as humans continue to tackle ever more ambitious bridges and construction.

In this article, we'll get to know the bridges we so often take for granted (we literally walk and drive all over them), as well as the designs that make them possible. We'll look at the fundamental principles of bridge engineering, the different types and how we attempt to thwart the physical forces and natural phenomena that perpetually threaten to destroy the world's bridges.

First up, let's get right down to the basics.

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Basement Floor Plate Project

Basement Floor Plate Project

1.1    Project Specification.
a.    Overview.
Basement Works especially for excavation and molding is one of the critical job, due to the excavation should be considered in order not to affect the safety environment and the work can be run smoothly, and for casting because of differences in the material.

b.    Equipment.
    Excavator: 2 units
    Water Pump: 4 units
    Tower cranes: 1 unit
    Tool welding: 1 set
    Genset: 1 unit
    Truck mixer
    Dump Truck
    Other tools

c.    Materials
    Concrete K-300
    Concrete with a mix of admixture as integral water proofing
    Begisting precast concrete with 7 cm thickness
    Concrete K-175 for flooring
    Blocks as begisting
    Board 3 / 20 and the beam 5 / 12 as a plaster for excavation elevation difference
    Sand and stone to heap
    iron plate
    Steel sheet pile




1.2    Metodology
1.2.1 Detail of Basement Floor Plate Project.
    To simplify the implementation and efficiency, then the Basement work are divided into several stages below:

Stage I
    Site Preparation.
    Surveying the area.
    Security excavation with steel sheet pile and secant wall pile
    Setting up tunnels and pumps for dewatering (channel length and the number of pumps in operation adapted to the stage of the work)

Stage II
1.    Do excavation for the entire area with a depth of -5.4 m (bottom elevation of pile cap). Please note the following points:
    During excavation dewatering remedy continues to prevent puddles of water on the excavation. At this stage the amount of water pumps used is 4 units.
    For the base, use coconut tree trunk so that excavators can only move forward and backward
2.    Creating a working floor for the pile cap (thickness 20 cm)
3.    Install a precast concrete begisting for pile cap with a thickness of 7 cm. When installing the precast concrete begisting require:
    Welding of steel pile that connects the floor work with begisting.
    Welding iron plate that connects between the segments of precast concrete begisting
4.    For the bottom elevation of other structural elements (Ground Beam and Plate) more shallow than pile cap covered by using the sand material or stone.
5.    Install begisting to Ground beam of brick block.
6.    Creating a work floor to the basement floor plate.
7.    Do casting with several stages as follows:
Stage 1:
Do casting pile cap up to bottom boundary Ground elevation beam (K-300).
Stage 2:
Do casting pile cap and ground beam to the limits of the basement floor elevation of the bottom plate (K-300).
Stage 3:
Do casting floor plate with integral water proofing material.

    1.2.2. Personnel.
        To achieve best result, the following are the list of personnel for this project.
    Site Engineer: 1 personnel
    Ass. Engineer: 2 personnel
    Excavator Operator: 2 personnel
    Dump truck driver: 1 personnel
    Truck mixer driver: 1 personnel
    Welders
    Skilled labour
    Rough labour
All workers must be ready before this project begins.



by: Alim B.K fox

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Concrete Casting Project

 Concrete Casting Project

1.1    Project Specification.

a.    Overview.
Casting is one very important job, because the biggest part of the structure of Graha building Project consists of concrete. In casting work that needs to be considered is sufficient compaction.

b.    Data Sheet.
Concrete Quality: K300 (Building Structures)
: K-225 (Pile Cap)
: K-400 (Ramp Structure)

c.    Tools
No    Material    Capacity    Amount
1.    Batching Plant    20-25 m3/hours    1 set
2.    Concrete pump    30 m3/hours    1 unit
3.    Concrete Vibrator        4 units
4.    Truck Mixer    5 m3    4 units
5.    Slump test tool        2 units


1.2    Metodology
1.2.1 Detail of Basement Floor Plate Project.
a. Preparation at the Project Site
Preparation at the project site as a casting include:
•    Iron and begisting, has been installed properly according to shop drawings and have been inspected according to Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) is applicable and approved by the Consultant Supervisor / Management.
•    Curing Compound

b. Preparation of Manpower
•    Site Engineer: 1 person
•    Ass. Engineer: 2 people
•    Concrete Pump Operator: 1 person
•    Ass. CP Operator: 2 personnel
•    Vibrator labour: 2 personnel
•    Unskill Labour: 5 personnel
Workers must be ready all before casting begins.

c. Preparation of equipment
•    Concrete vibrator: 2 sets
•    Concrete pump: 1 unit
•    Equipment lighting (if needed)
Always carried out by a mechanic prior to control foundry process and during the casting process.
1.2.2 Casting
Once the preparation is completed, the exercise of casting can be implemented with the following stages:
1.    Preparation of Concrete Pump placement.
2.    Concrete Batching Plant Production in accordance with the job mix / mix trial agreed in advance.
•    Batching Plant Capacity: 25 m3/hr
      3.  The production of fresh concrete is loaded into the truck mixer.
•    Truck mixer Capacity: 5 m3
•    Charging time: 5 / 25 x 60 = 12 minutes
4.  The results of concrete production slumpnya checked before leaving the project       site.
5.  Mixer truck to the location of the project to be casted by road umum.Beton be used is concrete (Readymix).
6.  When arriving at the project site Truck Mixer Concrete Pump has been prepared on the position.
7.  Tremi (if required) is installed at the place to be in the cast.
8. Compaction is done by not attaching the steel reinforcing concrete vibrator and with enough time.
9.  Finished casting, concrete dicuring using compound.
    10. To erect formwork structure can be opened 24 hours after pengecoran. For begisting   horizontal structures (slabs and beams) was opened after 10 days.

by: Apriliyanto N.A

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“FINISHING WORK : PAINTING WORK AND COATING WORK WALLPAPER “

FINISHING WORK

PAINTING WORK
Paint is a mixture of materials consisting of binders, pigments (colorants) and solvents. This mixture will form a layer of thin, dense and dry, (after But- san solvent evaporates). Function which gives protection material or material from wear due to the influence Air, sun, water & mushrooms. Besides the convenience of also gives a feel of beauty also coolness. Paint can be divided into 2 parts, the interior (inside) and Exterior (outside), to Exterior must have better durability against the effects of weather or the fungus. Implementation of the work can be done with a brush, roller or with
spray.
TYPE PAINT
Paint consists of 2 (two) types:
 - Water base (a mixture of water)
 - Oil base (oil mixture)
 The use depends on the material to be done and coated paint and paint Janis used and can also paint the material to be used. The difference between cheap paint and paint expensive:
- Condensed - diluted
- Create a layer / film coating - Just stick to the surface on the surface of the wall the wall.
- If washed, the paint still attached - if the paint will be washed away
- Durable Color - The color faded
- The well cap - The cap is less.

METHOD OF IMPLEMENTATION:

A. PAINT WALL / CEILING
1.     Prepare materials to be used, such as:
 Sandpaper, gerenda machines, cloth, glue Fox, PC White, brush / rooler / spray                                    equipment, scrap elastic, water, paint materials, the paint bucket.
2.    Field to be painted must be clean and dry
3.    Surface leveled / smoothed with sandpaper or gerenda machine, until in- get smooth  surfaces.
4.    Clean the rest of the sandpaper with a rag and made of materials such as tables plamur the following:
1 glue: 3 PCs
1 glue: 3 Mill subtle
1 glue: 3 Lime putty
1 Addibond: 3 PCs
1 Addibond: 3 Mill subtle
1 Addibond: 3 Lime putty
1 glue: 1 PC: 3 Mill subtle

Differences economically:
1 glue: 3 PCs
- Quick dry
- Must be directly discharged
- The good, hard
- Price (/ kg): USD 6250 + 360 = Rp 6610

1 glue: 3 Mill subtle
- Slow dry
- Can be stored
- The fine, loss
- Price (/ kg): Rp 6250 + 400 = Rp 6650

1 glue: 3 Lime putty
- Slow dry
- Can be stored
- The good, flexible
- Price (/ kg): Rp 6250 + 750 = Rp 7000
1 glue: 1 PC: 3 Mill subtle
- Quick dry
- Must be directly discharged
- The good, smooth, hard
- Price (/ kg): Rp 6250 + 360 + 400 = Rp 7010

* The recommended material 1 Glue: 1 PC: 3 Mill subtle Bondcrete

And mix the paint colors you want to taste, as well as for priming.
Stir until blended.
For Exterior should be coated with primer Alkali or not to resistant to weather, or use a type of paint Wheather Shield.
5.    Apply plamur material on the surface area by using scrap elastic, so that the pores are closed and flat surface. Direction of spread plamur should one
6.    Wait until dry and sand again, so that the surface and the remainder spread plamur average.
7.    Plamur job control as carefully as possible, if still there is the hole / plamur immediately re-concave and if there are parts that  sanded back or use gerenda machine.
8.    Prepare the paint materials according to the desired color. Paint materials, (for paint 1 x) - it with clean water up to 30% and stir until blended.
9.    Painting can use a brush / roller or spray and carried a broom-
the one direction (vertical or horizontal).
10.    Repeat repainting if the paint is dry first.
11.    Repainting of the two diluted with water 20%. Painting to 3 diluted with water up to 20%.
12.    When it has finished cleaning the rest of the paint splashes which fell with a damp cloth, and clean brush / roller / spray with clean water and keep the paint on the se-
persuaded and dry.

NOTE:
- To the point of a mixture of water in paints percent less water
± 15-20%, due to ease of implementation and prevent the occurrence of
color difference, when painting with a roller system.
- 1 kg of white paint = 4.00 m2
- 1 kg of paint colors bright = 4.00 m2 depending on the brand.
- 1 kg of paint young = 4.00 m2
- Implementation can be done with a brush, roller & spray.
       Brush = 4.50 to 5.00 m2/Kg
       Roll = 4.00 m2/Kg
       Spray = 5.00 to 6.00 m2/Kg


PROBLEM CAUSE OF ACTION
1.     Patches - Seep steam - Sandpaper out or salt into - Sealer material wall - re plamur quality fine day - The wall when in the paint - paint over quality fine day wet
2.    Exfoliate - plamur ugly qualities - Sandpaper out (Flaking) - Surface wall  Replace plamur good material less clean - Cat re-
3.    Fungus / moss - Penetration of water in - Repair stucco wall large enough there may be cracks / quality plastering ugly
4.    Less power cap - The mixture of water too - water mixture according to good many needs - Cat inexpensive - Change quality paint
5.    Bubble - Walls not dry - Sandpaper out (Blistering) - Let the wall dry - Sealer material - Plamur + good quality paint
6.    The color change - changing paint pigments - Cat re- due to weather, fungi salt, acid and liquid cleanser / soap
7.    Creased - Paint is old - Sandpaper out - Coatings paint faster - Cat re- drier than plywood - an essentially
8.    Cissing - contains surfaces - - Clean with soapy water (Paint morbidly attached) building oil - Cat re-

B.  OIL PAINT
1.    Prepare materials to be used like a dry cloth, sandpaper, married, plamur /       putty, brush / spray, paint.
2.    Field to be painted must be dry and clean, sandpaper surface an until blended and smooth or use sandpaper machine.
3.    Prepare paint Afduner married with a mixture of 1: 2 marry paint, and paint marry in order to fill the wood pores.
4.    Wait until dry and plamur field so that the concave surface of the filled and flat.
5.    Puree with sandpaper or gerenda machine after plamur dry, repeat plamur work and sanding to obtain a flat surface and smoother.
6.    Clean the surface with a dry cloth and paint work carried out by a thinner mixture: 2 paint, spray mixture when using the system to use 1.5 tenner: 2 paint. Repeat the implementation of 2-3 times. Repetition of painting organized in- after 24 hours.
7.    To get the smooth, if necessary, the paint is rubbed with a compound and apply a polishing material so that the color looks bright.
8.    When it has finished cleaning brush / spray with a tenner and save the paint on cool and dry place.


NOTE:
- Afduneer used as a solvent married.
- Afduneer not be used for solvent paints, because the results are not eligible
(Busam & no bright colors).
- A quality Tineer used as a solvent for the best quality, so that the resulting quality
A good and bright paint colors and durable.
- Tineer quality B was used as a solvent for the quality of the resulting quality is so
A good and bright paint colors.
- Implementation can be done with a brush, roller & spray.
     Brush = 3.50 m2/Kg
     Roll = 3.00 m2/Kg
     Spray = 4.00 to 5.00 m2/Kg
 C. DUCO

1.    Prepare materials - materials to be used like a dry cloth, sandpaper,  fine    sandpaper, super tenner,  siller (anti-sap), hardener (hardener) plastic putty, paint.
2.    Clean the surface with a dry cloth and sandpaper until smooth, if need to use sandpaper machine. In the field of iron / steel for the purpose of eliminating the surface of iron / steel from the carats.
3.    Spray  siller (anti-sap) + hardener + tenner until blended, comparison 1: 0.5: 0.5 (for the field of wood). Wait until dry (24 hours) and puree with sandpaper or gerenda the machine. Repeat such work until obtain desired results.
4.    Clean the surface area and spray Epoxy (primer) + tenner with a ratio of 2: 1 Wait until dry and sandpaper to smooth surfaces. When obtained is concave, should be leveled with a plastic putty and sanded again until blended, as well as repeated priming paint for parts that are not average only
5.    For the last layer or top coat of paint using a ratio of 1 ltr + hardener: 2 tenner, stirring until smooth and spray, wait 24 hours to dry and sandpaper again. Repeat the Top Coat to work on getting good results.
6.    To get the smooth, if necessary, the paint was rubbed with polishing compound and apply the material so that the color looks bright.
7.    When it has finished cleaning a syringe with a tenner and save the paint on  a cool and dry.

NOTE:
- To work iron field note:
1.     Cleaning rust and iron crust by the way:
- Sandpaper / gerenda
- Cleaned with acid sulphate, and acid phosphate.
- Heated to a high flame.
2.    Granting protection layer / primer,                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              protected material layer:
- Iron Primer alkyd (syncromate)
- Primary Steel alkyd
- Galvanized, Vinyl etch zinc primer
- Aluminum Vinyl etch primer
- Copper is not painted (Vinyl etch primer)
- Brass unpainted (Vinyl etch primer)
- Bronze unpainted (Vinyl etch primer)
3.    Advantages & disadvantages Layer Protection
KIND PROFIT LOSS OF USE IN THE REGION
 Alkyd easily applied quickly faded aggressiveness. Low easily painted colors fade faster construction of iron / steel low thickness

Preparation of acid-resistant VINYL max. aggressiveness. Was easily be spray painted construction iron / steel waterproof heat resistant chemical plant flexibility is not solvent resistant

EPOXY alkali resistant 2 component  aggressiveness. High sea water resistant outside the humid areas of use abrasion resistant / salt chemical factory would whitewash high thickness easily repainted fixed color

CHLORINA chemical resistant aggressiveness solvent resistant. high
TED RUBBER heat-resistant acid region easily repainted easily fade colors
waterproof the use of water tanks A component of steel construction

Two component polyurethane aggressiveness. Very the use of high-resistant acid abrasion resistant transport equipment waterproof solvent resistant color is stable the luster remains




D. P O L I T U R

1. Prepare materials to be used like a dry cloth, woven shirts
fine sandpaper, glue fox, chalk, wax, pumice imports, spirits, the Indian serlak, serlak white, brush.

2. Clean the wood surface with a dry cloth and sandpaper until smooth, if
need to use sandpaper machine.
3. Prepare material with a ratio of 1 lime putty glue: 3 chalk and brush-
right on the surface of the wood, followed by rubbing the surface of the wood to - pumice stone to wear gerenda pores filled and sealed timber.

4. Wait until dry and puree with sandpaper or gerenda machine, after
that repeat the work until obtain the results you want.

5. Clean the surface with a dry cloth and work can be carried plitur
with a ratio of 1 ltr: spirit: 1 ounce serlak India. Implementation politur wear cloth rubbed and pressed shirts.

6. Politur job done layer by layer by sanding followed by until if found wooden concavity / disabled  again with lime putty.
Repetition politur implemented after the previous politur dry, at least, independent of any 3 times.

             7. For the last layer is used white politur and polished up to
luster, held 2 to 3 times.

NOTE:
- Implemented with topical system & press wear cloth shirts.
- For good results 1 ltr politur = 3.00 m2.
- Plitur held on teak
- When implemented on a camphor wood / should use materials
Mowilex-quality water base.

E.  M E L A M I N

1. Prepare materials to be used like a dry cloth, fine sandpaper,
pumice, Wood Filler (filler), Wood Stain (dye), Tenner, woven shirts, Send- siller, hardener / hardener, Melamine.

2. Clean the wood surface with a dry cloth and sandpaper until smooth, if
need to use sandpaper machine.

3. Apply Wood Filler (filler) with a brush until smooth.

4. Wait until dry and puree with sandpaper or gerenda machine. Repeat-
The work was to obtain the desired result.

5. Clean the surface of the wood and wood stain spray material (dye) to
get the desired color in the ratio 1 tenner: 2 dye.
Repeat this job until the flat colors.

6. Spray sending siller ltr hardener with a ratio of 0.1: 0.4 ltr thinner: 0.9 ltr
sending siller.
Siller sending function is to flatten the surface of the timber and close the pore-wood pores, while the hardener material serves to harden the siller
them. Wait until dry and sandpaper to smooth surfaces, when the results are not repeated spraying evenly on an uneven part only and sandpaper back-
bali with sandpaper or a sanding machine.

7. For the last layer or top coat to use comparison 0.1 ltr Hardener: 0.6 ltr
thinner: 0.9 ltr melamine stir until blended and spray evenly, wait up to 24 hours to dry and sand again. Repeat jobs Top Coat until getting good results. To get a bright, if necessary results of melamine polished with polishing material such that the color looks KIT brighter.

8. When it has finished cleaning a syringe with a tenner and save the paint on
cool and dry place.

No. KIND OF PLAMUR PAINT

1  Wood Filler (filler) - Melamine
- Wood Stain (dye) 0.1 ltr Hardener: A tenner: 2 dye 0.6 tenner:
- Sending Siller 0.9 melamine: 0.1 ltr Hardener: 0.4 tenner: - cat = 3.00 m2/ltr
0.9 Sending Siller

NOTE:
- 1 Ltr Melamine = 3.00 m2
- Implemented with spray system.

COATING WORK WALLPAPER


1. Prepare materials to be used such as fabric, glue Sexuality Goodrich,
scrap elastic, brush, wallpaper.

2. Clean the wall surface with a cloth so that dirt on the walls
is lost.

3. Prepare materials as required wall wallpaper that will be overlaid, kuaskan glue
there is the back of the wallpaper with a brush.
Provision of glue should be flat on all surfaces paved with scrap elastic /
the rubber.

4. Gluing the wallpaper to the wall carried out carefully, and starting from the top to
the bottom. If the wallpaper is attached to the wall immediately leveled using
elastic, so that the air cavities under the surface of the wallpaper went out and obtained
the average.

5. Grafting wallpaper with one another should be neat and no cavities.
6. When it has finished cleaning the floor and scrap from the rest of the glue and other impurities.

No. KIND OF PLAMUR WALPAPAER

1. The new wall - without plamur – Wallpaper (Flat wall) + glue
long - 1 glue: 1 PC: 3 Mill – Wallpaper (Improvement) + glue
2. Gypsum - without plamur – Wallpaper + Glue
3. Plywood - oil paint – Wallpaper - 1 glue: 1 PC: 3 Mill + glue
4. A s b e s - without plamur – Wallpaper + Glue
5. G R C - without plamur - Wallpaper+ Glue

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